![]() Most of the available monitors incorporate one or several nonchemical and chemical lures to attract and capture hungry bed bugs foraging for blood meals. ![]() Therefore, developing effective monitoring tools has been recognized as a critical component in the current campaign for fighting the bed bug resurgence. Until present, there are no studies investigating the interactions among chemical lures, heat, and CO 2.īed bugs hide during the day and are difficult to locate as they are small and elusive. confirmed the effectiveness of CO 2 (169 mL/min) and heat (43.3–48.8☌) in their attraction to bed bugs. demonstrated the effectiveness of a trap baited with CO 2 (50–400 mL/min), heat (37.2–42.2☌), and a chemical lure comprised of 33.0 μg propionic acid, 0.33 μg butyric acid, 0.33 μg valeric acid, 100 μg 1-octen-3-ol (octenol), and 100 μg L-lactic acid. These chemicals could potentially be used for monitoring bed bugs however their effectiveness has not been tested yet in arenas or under conditions that simulate field conditions.Īnderson et al. ![]() Bed bug airborne aggregation pheromones including (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-octenal, (2E, 4E)-octadienal, benzaldehyde, nonanal, decanal, sulcatone, (+)-limonene, (−)-limonene, and benzyl alcohol were attractive to bed bug nymphs in olfactometer bioassays. Among the chemical lures, geranyl acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, and L-lactic acid have been reported to be attractive to bed bugs. ![]() It is known that bed bugs use CO 2, heat, and chemical odors to locate their hosts. The resurgence of bed bugs ( Cimex lectularius L.) in recent years stimulated research on bed bug behavior with the goal of developing effective bed bug monitoring tools. Geranyl acetone (E and Z enantiomers), a component of human sweat, elicited strong electroantennogram responses in female Anopheles gambiae Giles. R-(−)-1-octen-3-ol, an enantiomer of 1-octen-3-ol, was found attractive to field populations of adult mosquitoes. Odors from human skin, sweat, breath and body odors from cattle, birds, and mice, bird feathers or skin, and bird uropygial glands play a major role in attracting different families of hematophagous mosquitoes. (Diptera: Glossinidae) is stimulated by carbon dioxide (CO 2) emitted by mammalian hosts. Host searching behavior in unfed bont tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch, and Glossina spp. Hematophagous arthropods use a variety of visual, mechanical, chemical, and thermal cues to detect vertebrate hosts. Results suggest a combination of chemical lure and CO 2 is essential for designing effective bed bug monitors. Adding this chemical lure mixture when CO 2 was present increased the trap catches compared with traps baited with CO 2 alone, whereas adding heat did not significantly increase trap catches when CO 2 was present. The chemical lure mixture consisting of nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol, spearmint oil, and coriander Egyptian oil was found to be most attractive to bed bugs and significantly increased the trap catches in laboratory bioassays. We screened 12 chemicals for their attraction to bed bugs and evaluated interactions among chemical lures, CO 2, and heat. Commercial bed bug ( Cimex lectularius L.) monitors incorporating carbon dioxide (CO 2), heat, and chemical lures are being used for detecting bed bugs however, there are few reported studies on the effectiveness of chemical lures in bed bug monitors and the interactions among chemical lure, CO 2, and heat.
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